Sinus Infection (Sinusitis)

Overview

What is sinusitis (sinus infection)?

In Nairobi, a city that blends the rhythms of urban life with the realities of seasonal weather shifts, sinus infections are all too common. From the heavy rains to the swirling dust of dry months, many people battle persistent nasal congestion and facial pain. These could be signs of sinusitis—a condition that affects millions globally and continues to strain African health systems due to underdiagnosis and limited ENT resources.

Sinusitis, also known as a sinus infection, occurs when the tissue lining the sinuses becomes inflamed or swollen. This inflammation traps mucus, causes pressure, and leads to a host of uncomfortable symptoms. It’s more than just a stuffy nose—it can significantly disrupt sleep, concentration, and overall well-being.

What are sinuses?

Sinuses are air-filled cavities located behind your forehead, cheeks, eyes, and nose. They help lighten the skull, produce mucus to humidify and cleanse the nasal passages, and contribute to voice resonance. When these passages get blocked, they become prone to infection by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Types of Sinus Infection

Acute, subacute, chronic and recurrent sinusitis

  • Acute sinusitis lasts less than four weeks, usually triggered by a cold or allergy.

  • Subacute sinusitis spans four to 12 weeks.

  • Chronic sinusitis persists for 12 weeks or longer despite treatment.

  • Recurrent sinusitis involves multiple episodes per year, with symptom-free intervals in between.

Bacterial and viral sinusitis

Most acute cases begin with a viral infection (e.g. a cold). If symptoms persist beyond about 10 days or worsen after initial improvement, a bacterial infection may be suspected.

Fungal Sinusitis

These infections are rare but serious, usually affecting people with compromised immune systems and often requiring specialized treatment.

How do I know if I have Sinusitis, COVID, a cold or an allergy?

Symptoms overlap among these conditions, which can make diagnosis tricky:

  • Colds generally resolve within a week and may not involve persistent facial pain.

  • Allergies typically involve sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, and clear nasal discharge.

  • COVID-19 often includes fever, cough, fatigue, and loss of taste or smell.

  • Sinusitis tends to involve facial pain, thick nasal discharge, and symptoms that persist longer than a typical cold. Consulting a healthcare provider is important if symptoms last beyond 10 days or worsen.

Symptoms and Causes

What are the signs and symptoms of Sinusitis?

  • Facial pressure or pain—commonly around eyes, forehead, or cheeks

  • Nasal congestion or blockage

  • Thick, yellow or green mucus

  • Reduced smell or taste

  • Headache

  • Fatigue or malaise

  • Tooth pain—especially upper roots

  • Bad breath

What causes Sinusitis?

Common triggers include:

  • Viral infections (most common)

  • Bacterial infections

  • Allergies

  • Nasal polyps

  • A deviated septum or other structural issues

What are the risk factors for sinusitis?

  • Smoking or secondhand smoke exposure

  • Recurring respiratory infections

  • Conditions like asthma or allergies

  • Structural nasal issues

  • Air pollution and dust—especially in urban areas—can increase risk

Is Sinus Infection contagious?

The sinus infection itself is not contagious, but the underlying viruses or bacteria causing it can be. Practice good hygiene to reduce spread.

What happens if Sinus Infection is left untreated?

Untreated acute sinusitis may develop into chronic sinusitis. Though rare, severe complications—such as infection spreading to the eyes, bone, or brain—can occur and require urgent care.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is a sinus infection diagnosed?

Diagnosis primarily involves symptom evaluation and a physical exam, including assessing facial tenderness and nasal passages.

Specific tests to diagnose sinusitis

  • Nasal endoscopy for internal inspection

  • Imaging (e.g., CT scan) in chronic or complicated cases

  • Allergy testing if appropriate

  • Microbial cultures in persistent cases to guide treatment decisions

Management and Treatment

How is sinusitis treated?

  • Viral sinusitis: Often managed with rest, hydration, saline nasal rinses, and over-the-counter decongestants.

  • Bacterial sinusitis: May require antibiotics if symptoms are severe or persist.

  • Chronic sinusitis: Typically treated with nasal corticosteroids, addressing allergies, and possibly surgery for structural issues.

What are the best medications for a sinus infection?

  • Decongestants (short-term use only)

  • Nasal corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone, budesonide)

  • Pain relievers such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen

  • Antibiotics, only when a bacterial infection is confirmed or strongly suspected

Are complementary and alternative therapies useful for treating sinusitis?

Supportive methods like steam inhalation, saline rinses, and warm compresses can ease symptoms, but should not replace medical care when needed.

Do I need antibiotics for every Sinusitis?

No—most cases are viral and resolve without antibiotics. Overuse contributes to antibiotic resistance, which is a growing concern.

Outlook / Prognosis

What can I expect if I have Sinusitis?

Acute sinusitis typically resolves within 7–10 days with appropriate self-care. Chronic cases may need longer treatment or procedures like balloon sinuplasty.

Prevention

Can Sinusitis be prevented?

Yes—you can reduce risk by:

  • Managing allergies and asthma

  • Using humidifiers in dry conditions

  • Avoiding tobacco smoke and polluted environments

  • Practicing good hygiene

  • Staying hydrated to help maintain nasal moisture

Living With

When should you see a doctor for a Sinusitis?

If symptoms last over 10 days, include a high fever, worsen, or recur frequently, seek medical evaluation.

When should I go to the ER?

Go to the emergency room if you experience:

  • Eye swelling

  • Severe headache

  • Vision changes

  • Confusion or neck stiffness

These may be signs of serious complications.

What questions should I ask my doctor?

  • Do I need antibiotics?

  • Could allergies be contributing to this?

  • How can I prevent future episodes?

  • What treatment options are available if this keeps coming back?

FAQ

Will sinus infection go away ? Yes, many sinus infections, especially viral ones, clear up on their own with rest and symptom management.

Will sinus infection go away on its own ? In most cases, yes. Viral sinusitis typically resolves without antibiotics in about 7–10 days.

Can sinus infection cause fever ? Yes, especially bacterial sinusitis. Fever is a signal that your body is fighting something off and may require medical review if it persists.

Published 15th August 2025

References

Cleveland Clinic – Sinusitis (Sinus Infection).
Available at: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17701-sinusitis

Mayo Clinic Health System – Will My Sinus Infection Clear Up On Its Own?
Available at: https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/will-my-sinus-infection-clear-up-on-its-own

NHS (National Health Service) – Sinusitis (Sinus Infection)
Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/sinusitis-sinus-infection/

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